Ap physics c frq 2022

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. Section I PHYSICS C: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM SECTION I Time—45 minutes 35 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and mark it on your answer sheet.

Ap physics c frq 2022. These are my own solutions to the AP Physics C: Mechanics 2022 Released Exam set 1 FRQ section. I also discuss the scoring guidelines released with the pract...

If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Calculus AB exams ...

AP Physics C: Mechanics Scoring Guidelines, 2016 Author: The College Board Subject: AP Physics C: Mechanics Keywords: AP Physics C: Mechanics, Scoring Guidelines, 2016 exam, exam resources; teacher resources; exam preparation; scoring information Created Date: 7/15/2016 10:44:51 AMDownload free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...Ap Physics C Frq 2022 Cracking the AP Physics C Exam, 2018 Edition Princeton Review 2017-08 Coverage of material needed to pass the AP physics C exam, including reviews and two full-length practice tests with explanations. Physics 1210 Fall 2021 - Summer 2022 2021-05-07 Cracking the AP Physics C Exam, 2013 Edition Steven A. Leduc 2012-09-04 ...Walkthrough of the 2022 AP Physics C Electricity and Magnetism Set 1 ProblemsLink to the released FRQs:https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap22-frq-phy...Walkthrough of the 2022 AP Physics 1 FRQ #4 Join My Discord Study Server: https://discord.gg/8WGtt3rLink to the released FRQs:https://secure-media.collegebo...

cos. tan. Directions: Questions 1, 4 and 5 are short free-response questions that require about 13 minutes each to answer and are worth 7 points each. Questions 2 and 3 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer and are worth 12 points each. Show your work for each part in the space provided after that part.Answer all three questions. The suggested time is about 15 minutes for answering each of the questions, which are worth 15 points each. The parts within a question may not have equal weight. Show all your work in this booklet in the spaces provided after each part. 1.We can refer to the AP® Student Score Distributions released every year by the College Board. The current version of AP® Physics 1 has only been offered since the 2014-2015 school year. These reports show us that the mean score in 2015 was 2.32, in 2016 was 2.33, in 2017 was 2.40, in 2018 was 2.36, in 2019 was 2.51, and 2.65 in 2020.Download free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...Each essentially correct (E) part counts as 1 point, and each partially correct (P) part counts as 1⁄2 point. If a response is between two scores (for example, 2 1⁄2 points), use a holistic approach to decide whether to score up or down, depending on the strength of the response and quality of the communication.If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Calculus BC exams ...Answer all three questions. The suggested time is about 15 minutes for answering each of the questions, which are worth 15 points each. The parts within a question may not have equal weight. Show all your work in this booklet in the spaces provided after each part. 1.

Moving Frame in a Magnetic Field. 1.E, 6.B, 7.D, 11 more... Original free-response prompts for AP® Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for.It's no secret that untreated anxiety disorders can take a major toll on your emotional well-being. But because anxiety triggers a cascade of physical symptoms, it can also have an...Directions: Questions 1, 4, and 5 are short free-response questions that require about 13 minutes each to answer and are worth 7 points each. Questions 2 and 3 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer and are worth 12 points each. Show your work for each part in the space provided after that part.The prompts in the MCQs were too long and convoluted. An average student was only able to solve a maximum of 2 FRQs IMHO, and that too if you kept your speed up. The algebraic manipulations required in each question were easy to understand, but extremely long to perform in the time frame of 15mins per question.Satellite Explosion. 5.D, CON-6, CON-6.D, 1 more... Original free-response prompts for AP® Physics C: Mechanics that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for.The first point was earned because the correct choice is indicated and there is a relevant justification. The second point was earned because the justification is sufficient. 2022 College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Physics C: Mechanics 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued)

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2022 AP Physics C Mechanics FRQ Set 1 YouTube, This project was created with explain everything™ interactive whiteboard for ipad.00:00 slide 102:27 slide 2 Ap physics c 2020 mechanics sample exam problem 2 youtube, this article covers ap physics 1 topics, exam format, score distribution and study tips.New for 2024-25: MCQs Will Have Four Answer Choices. Starting with the 2025 exam, AP English Language and Composition multiple-choice questions (MCQs) will have four answer choices instead of five. Most AP courses have already implemented this change, which research indicates could improve students' exam-day experience.It is Friday afternoon, May 25, and you will be taking the AP Physics C: Mechanics Exam. In a moment, you will open the packet that contains your exam materials. By opening this packet, you agree to all of the AP Program's policies and procedures outlined in the 2011-12 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents.If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Calculus AB exams ...Format of the 2024 AP Physics 2 Exam. Going into test day, this is the exam format to expect: Section 1: Multiple Choice (50% of score) 50 questions in 1 hour and 30 minutes. Section 2: Free Response (50% of score) 4 questions in 1 hour and 30 minutes. Experimental Design (1 question)

Return this completed form with your payment. (Note the mailing address for each method.) Check/Money Order made payable to College Board: Mail check/money order to College Board, P.O. Box 21535, New York, NY 10087-1535. Charge my credit card: Mail credit card payments to AP Services, P.O. Box 6671, Princeton, NJ 08541-6671 or fax 610-290-8979.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. Section I PHYSICS C: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM SECTION I Time—45 minutes 35 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and mark it on your answer sheet.The 2022 AP Physics C: Mechanics FRQ Set #2 Answers. This video will detail my answers for the 2022 APC FRQ and I will post corrections if needed. Enjoy!!Web...Course Overview. AP Physics 1 is an algebra-based, introductory college-level physics course. Students cultivate their understanding of physics through classroom study, in-class activity, and hands-on, inquiry-based laboratory work as they explore concepts like systems, fields, force interactions, change, and conservation.Apr 20, 2021 ... In this AP Physics video, we go through the 2015 AP Physics C Mech 3 AP free response problem. We also go through the AP scoring rubric.AP ® Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism 2022 Scoring Commentary : Q uestion 1 (continued) Sample: 1B Score: 9 : Part (a) earned 1 point because the response correctly indicates a charge of : 5: Q + on the outer surface of the shell. Part (b) earned 2 points. The first point was earned because the response correctly uses Gauss’s law ...Download free-response questions from this year's exam along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] t = 6.0 s, the fuel is exhausted and the rocket is under the influence of gravity alone. Assume air resistance and the rocket’s change in mass are negligible. (a) Calculate the magnitude of the net impulse exerted on the rocket from. (b) Calculate the speed of the rocket at t = 6.0 s. (c) t = 0 to t = 6.0 s. i.The 2022 AP Physics C: Mechanics exam will be split equally between two sections: multiple-choice and free-response questions. Each section is worth 50 percent of the exam score. You will have 45 minutes to answer 35 multiple-choice questions and 45 minutes to answer 3 free-response questions. The chart below shows the breakdown of the exam ...

AP Physics C: Mechanics Scoring Guidelines, 2016 Author: The College Board Subject: AP Physics C: Mechanics Keywords: AP Physics C: Mechanics, Scoring Guidelines, 2016 exam, exam resources; teacher resources; exam preparation; scoring information Created Date: 7/15/2016 10:44:51 AM

Walkthrough of the 2022 AP Physics 1 FRQ #3 Join My Discord Study Server: https://discord.gg/8WGtt3rLink to the released FRQs:https://secure-media.collegebo...May 7, 2022 · Here's my own PDF solutions for the 2022 AP exams. I only do AP Calculus, Statistics, and Physics.: If you're looking for help in AP Physics 1, check out a new course I've put together here AP Statistics AP Calculus AB/BC AP Physics 1 AP Physics 2 AP Physics C: Mechanics Set 1 Set 2 AP Physics C: E&M Set 1 Set 2 And check out my YouTube channel for the video solutions: https://www.youtube.com ...Section I: Multiple Choice. 50 Questions | 1 Hour 30 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. Questions are either discrete questions or question sets, in which students are provided with a stimulus or a set of data and a series of related questions. The section includes 5 individual multi-select questions (2 options are correct). Section II: Free Response.Walkthrough of the 2022 AP Physics C Mechanics Set 1 Problems Join My Discord Study Server: https://discord.gg/8WGtt3rLink to the released FRQs:https://secu...2022_AP_Physics_C__Electricity_and_Magnetism_FRQ.pdf - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. AP Physics C Electricity and Magnetism 2022 FRQ2013 AP® PHYSICS C: MECHANICS FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS. Mech 3. disk of mass M = 2.0 kg and radius R = 0.10 m is supported by a rope of negligible mass, as shown above. The rope is attached to the ceiling at one end and passes under the disk. The other end of the rope is pulled upward with a force FA .2022 Free-Response Questions Set 1 Question Mean . Standard Deviation Number of Possible Points ; 1 7.25 ; 3.86 : 15 : 2 7.12 ; 3.74 ; 15 : 3 5.50 ; 4.12 ; 15 ... CollegeBoard ; Title: 2022 AP Exam Administration Scoring Statistics - AP Physics C: Mechanics - Set 1 Author: College Board Subject: AP; Advanced Placement; ADA Keywords2022 Ap Physics C Frq Princeton Review AP Physics C Prep 2021 The Princeton Review 2020-08 Make sure you're studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP Physics C Prep, 2022 (ISBN: 9780525570714, on-sale August 2021).

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Download free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Calculus AB exams ...1 point. C: Mechanics 2022 Scoring Guidelines. (c)(i) (c)(ii) For beginning the derivation with Newton’s second law to write an equation that is consistent with part (a). F ma FN FT , y Fg 0 FN FT , y Fg. Scoring Note: Derivation must start with a statement of Newton’s second law to earn this point.Good luck on the AP Exams! https://youtu.be/KsAY_YVv_xIAll my AP Physics C Review Items are here:https://www.flippingphysics.com/ap-physics-c-review.htmlBest...Directions: Questions 1, 4, and 5 are short free-response questions that require about 13 minutes each to answer and are worth 7 points each. Questions 2 and 3 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer and are worth 12 points each. Show your work for each part in the space provided after that part.Ap Physics C 2022 Frq Princeton Review AP Physics C Prep, 17th Edition The Princeton Review 2023-08-01 EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO HELP SCORE A PERFECT 5! Ace the AP Physics C Exam with this comprehensive study guide—including 3 full-length practice tests with complete answer explanations, thorough content reviews,Starting with the 2022-23 school year (spring 2023 exam), a scientific or graphing calculator is recommended for both sections of the exam. Note that neither the exam format (number of sections, number of questions) nor the science practices or skills are changing. ... The AP Chemistry framework is organized into nine commonly taught units of ...The first point was earned because the correct choice is indicated and there is a relevant justification. The second point was earned because the justification is sufficient. 2022 College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Physics C: Mechanics 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued)May 14, 2022 ... Walkthrough of the 2022 AP Physics 1 FRQ #5 ✓ Join My Discord Study Server: https://discord.gg/8WGtt3r Link to the released FRQs: ...Ap Physics C Frq 2022 Cracking the AP Physics C Exam, 2018 Edition Princeton Review 2017-08 Coverage of material needed to pass the AP physics C exam, including reviews and two full-length practice tests with explanations. Physics 1210 Fall 2021 - Summer 2022 2021-05-07 Cracking the AP Physics C Exam, 2013 Edition Steven A. Leduc 2012-09-04 ... ….

25.7. 21.3. 15.6. 11.0. The following comments on the 2022 free-response questions for AP® Physics C: Mechanics were written by the Chief Reader, Brian Utter, Teaching Professor, University of California, Merced. They give an overview of each free-response question and of how students performed on the question, including typical student errors.Really struggling to correctly derive expressions. I was doing the 2023 Set 1 Physics C FRQ Question 3 and the scoring guidelines make no sense. I really am going to fail the test. ... AP Physics 1 and AP Physics C Mechanics: Taking both AP courses concurrently might be a solid choice. Since I've completed AP Calculus BC, I'm particularly keen ...2. Two charges, +Q and +2Q, are fixed in place along the y-axis of an x-y coordinate system as shown in the figure below. Charge 1 is at the point (0, a), and Charge 2 is at the point (0, -2a). (A) Find the electric force (magnitude and direction) felt by Charge 1 due to Charge 2. (B) Find the electric field (magnitude and direction) at the origin created by both Charges 1 and 2.The first point was earned because the correct choice is indicated and there is a relevant justification. The second point was earned because the justification is sufficient. 2022 College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Physics C: Mechanics 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued)3 Questions. Directions: Answer all three questions. The suggested time is about 15 minutes for answering each of the questions, which are worth 15 points each. The parts within a question may not have equal weight. Show all your work in this booklet in the spaces provided after each part.Questions 2 and 3 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer and are worth 12 points each. Show your work for each part in the space provided after that part. (7 points, suggested time 13 minutes) Identical blocks 1 and 2 are placed on a horizontal surface at points A and E, respectively, as shown.These are my own solutions to the AP Physics C: Mechanics 2022 Released Exam set 1 FRQ section. I also discuss the scoring guidelines released with the pract...For the correct units on the numerical answer. 1 point. For a correct physical explanation for the intercept that mentions the effect of the flexible rod Example: The intercept is the square of the period of oscillation of the flexible rod. point. point. point. (d) 2011 SCORING GUIDELINES. 2.AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 1: Kinematics. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 2: Newton's Laws. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 3: Work, Energy, and Power. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 4: Linear Momentum. AP Physics C Mechanics Practice Test 5: Rotational Motion.General Notes About 2017 AP Physics Scoring Guidelines. The solutions contain the most common method of solving the free-response questions and the allocation of points for this solution. Some also contain a common alternate solution. Other methods of solution also receive appropriate credit for correct work. https://secure-media.collegeboard ... Ap physics c frq 2022, Ap Physics C Mechanics Frq 2024 Olympics. 5.7k subscribers in the apphysics community. Walkthrough of the 2024 ap physics c mechanics set 2 frqs website: Use matrix to multiple perpendicular vectors to get a vector answer 3nmi. ... 2022 AP Physics C Mechanics FRQ Set 1 YouTube, This guide organizes advice from past students who got 4s and 5s ..., If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Calculus …, Here is what you do. read mechanics portion of a physics textbook ( I recommend University Physics Young & Freedman) + all problems. After that do all frqs on collegeboard website (should be at least 50) and you're basically guaranteed a 5. Don't waste your time on physics C prep books btw., A problem that centers on momentum and impulse with a little springs and energy mixed in., 1 point. part (d)(ii)) Scoring Note: The energy comparison must be from the unit of joules to joules or the unit of electron volts to electron volts in order for this point to be earned. (d)(iii) For U smaller in magnitude but still negative 1 point. For K smaller in magnitude but still positive., The College Board has published all the AP Physics C free response questions from 1999 to 2018. Questions, scoring guidelines, sample responses, and score distributions. 2018 Mechanics FRQ Solutions. In this 27 minute video, Dan Fullerton provides a walk-through of the free response questions from the 2018 AP Exam., The fifth point was earned for a response that states, "the object with a higher v0 will travel faster & therefore further.". The sixth point was earned for meeting the requirements for a paragraph-length response. 2022 College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Physics 1: Algebra-Based 2022 Scoring Commentary., The following comments on the 2022 free-response questions for AP ® Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism were written by the Chief Reader, Brian Utter, Teaching Professor, University of California, Merced. They give an overview of each free-response question and of how students performed on the question, including typical student errors., 2. A bullet of mass m is fired horizontally with speed v into a block of mass M initially at rest, at the end of an ideal spring on a frictionless table. At the moment the bullet hits, the spring is at its natural length, L. The bullet becomes embedded in the block, and simple harmonic oscillations result. (A) Determine the speed of the block ..., Ap22 Frq Physics c Mechanics Set 1 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site., It's no secret that untreated anxiety disorders can take a major toll on your emotional well-being. But because anxiety triggers a cascade of physical symptoms, it can also have an..., Total for part (b) point. points. C: Mechanics 2021 Scoring Guidelines. (c) For including the correct component of weight in a Newton’s second law equation for the cart. 1 point. Ffan + mg sin θ = ma 2. For a correct Newton’s second law equation., LO 1.E.1.2: The student is able to select from experimental data the information necessary to determine the density of an object and/or compare densities of several objects. [SP 4.1, 6.4] LO 3.A.2.1: The student is able to represent forces in diagrams or mathematically using appropriately labeled vectors with magnitude, direction, and units ..., If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Calculus BC exams ..., Also note: there have been torque statics problems in the FRQ's. But the rotation problems I've seen in the FRQ's tend to be dynamics questions-- that is things are moving. 2016: Q1: Wheel rolling down incline. (Mostly rotational energy.) 2017: Q3: Disk collides with bar on pivot. (Momentum and energy.) 2019: Q1: Linear Impulse momentum, then ..., 2022-2023 Unit 3 - WEP and Momentum FRQ. AP Physics 1 Page 17 of 32 (c) The scenario is repeated, but an identical block is at rest at location B, as shown above. When the block at location A is released from rest, it slides down the track and collides with and sticks to the identical block. The two blocks then continue sliding up the ramp., The AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based Exam will test your understanding of the scientific concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to use algebra when solving problems related to Newtonian mechanics, energy, and more. You can use a four-function, scientific, or graphing calculator throughout the exam, and you will be provided ..., Every online AP Physics C practice exam is linked below. Includes Mechanics as well as Electricity & Magnetism. Start your test prep with these free practice questions! ... Includes multiple choice and free response questions along with answers. Mechanics Released Exam. The actual AP Physics C Mechanics tests from 1998., For parts (d)-(g), the value for the length of the pendulum is L = 75 cm. (d) Calculate the time between the instant block 2 leaves the table and the instant it first contacts the floor. (e) Calculate the speed of block 2 as it leaves the table. (f) Calculate the speed of block 1 just after it collides with block 2., Answer all three questions. The suggested time is about 15 minutes for answering each of the questions, which are worth 15 points each. The parts within a question may not have equal weight. Show all your work in this booklet in the spaces provided after each part. 1., AP® Physics C: Mechanics Scoring Statistics 2022 Free-Response Questions Set 2. Question. Mean. Standard Deviation. Number of Possible Points. 6.75. 3.64. 15., Animals in the mammalian class, including elephants, dogs, cats, apes, bats, sloths, lemurs, horses and beavers, have sweat glands and sweat through either their eccrine, their apo..., AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism: Free-Response Questions Set 1 | PDF | Electronvolt | Capacitor. 2022_AP_Physics_C__Electricity_and_Magnetism_FRQ.pdf …, AP United States History 2022 Free-Response Questions Author: ETS Subject: Free-Response Questions from the 2022 AP United States History Exam Keywords: United States History; Free-Response Questions; 2022; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice Created Date: 8/2/2021 1:01:26 PM, Figure 1. Each blade has a length and mass , with a center of mass located at a distance L from the axis of. M. 3. rotation, as shown in Figure 2. (a) Derive an expression for the rotational inertia of the three-blade system. Express your answer in terms of , M. , and physical constants, as appropriate., Course Overview. AP Physics 2 is an algebra-based, introductory college-level physics course. Students cultivate their understanding of physics through classroom study, in-class activity, and hands-on, inquiry-based laboratory work as they explore concepts like systems, fields, force interactions, change, conservation, waves, and probability., Satellite Explosion. 5.D, CON-6, CON-6.D, 1 more... Original free-response prompts for AP® Physics C: Mechanics that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for., on this page. PHYSICS C: MECHANICS. SECTION II. Time—45 minutes. 3 Questions. Directions: Answer all three questions. The suggested time is about 15 minutes for answering each of the questions, which are worth 15 points each. The parts within a question may not have equal weight., 1 Point. AP® Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism 2022 Scoring Guidelines. For correctly integrating the electric field expression that was substituted in the previous point with correct limits of integration. Example Response. Q 1 r 4R …, Energy goes from hot to cold, so energy will transfer from sample 2 to sample 3. For indicating that ∆U = 0 J For correctly calculating the net work done during the two processes with correct units. = − P ∆ V = −(100 × 103 Pa) (4 − 1)(×10 3 m) = −300 J., Example Response. The gravitational force is greater for objects that are closer together, and Moon B is closer to the planet than Moon A, so the gravitational force from the planet is greater for Moon B than for Moon A. Total for part (b) 3 points. ©2022 College Board. AP® Physics 1: Algebra-Based 2022 Scoring Guidelines., Satellite Explosion. 5.D, CON-6, CON-6.D, 1 more... Original free-response prompts for AP® Physics C: Mechanics that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for., Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism 2022 Col AP® 2022 Scoring Commentary Question 1 (continued) Sample: 1B Score: 10 Part (a) earned 1 point because the response correctly indicates the charge of +2Q on the outer surface of the shell. Part (b) earned 3 points. The first point was earned because the response correctly uses Gauss’s law,